Archives: July , 2014

Creating Your White Label ETF: Mark Your Calender Sept 29

etf-logo-final

Courtesy of ETFtrends.com and reporter Max Chen

Asset managers who want to dabble in the exchange traded fund space do not have to go it alone. Some of the most innovative ideas have been launched based on ETF service providers partnering with forward thinking managers.

Those who are thinking about putting their own strategy to work in an ETF wrapper can attend the upcoming ETF Boot Camp conference event that is slated for September 29 and 30 in New York City to hear from the largest ETF providers on how to foster relationships, the process for joining forces and the benefit of these partnerships. Seeking to grow their assets under management, small money managers are taking a closer look at ETFs. However, some are turning to so-called white label, or turnkey, ETF companies to build and launch an investment idea.

ETF issuers like Exchange Traded Concepts, ActiveETF Partners, Golden Gate Investment Consulting LLC, ALPS, AdvisorShares and ETF Issuer Solutions, among others, help go through the regulatory approval process, provide a board of directors and get an ETF listed on an exchange for $20,000 to $100,000 in startup costs.

For instance, some small hedge fund managers see ETFs as an ideal way to increase assets under management. Smaller funds typically find it harder to bring in large pension funds and institutions that target large hedge funds with billions in assets under management and long track records. As a result, more are beginning to look at ETFs as a way to market their investment strategies, targeting financial advisors and retail investors instead.

“A lot of people are surprised that there’s no one way to do it,” according to Golden Gate Investment Consulting. “There are as many different operating models as there are ETF sponsors — you can outsource or take in-house just about any function.”

For the entire story from ETFtrends.com, please visit http://www.etftrends.com/2014/07/the-white-label-avenue-to-launching-an-etf/

 

 

Trade Execution 101: High-Touch is NOT Out-of-Touch-Those Who Disagree Are..

Below courtesy of excerpt from front page article by Dan Strumpf “Markets Keeping Faith in Humanity” in July 29 WSJ Money & Investing section.

wsjlogo“After years of ceding ground to trading via computer programs, buying and selling stock the old-fashioned way—over the phone or its modern equivalent of instant messaging—is holding its own…

“…Last year, about 55% of stock trading by dollar volume took place in a “high-touch” fashion, among human beings communicating one on one and agreeing on the price, according to consulting firm Greenwich Associates, which surveys hundreds of large investors every year. That is still down from the past two years, but only slightly. The figure was 57% in 2012 and 56% in 2011. In 2004, before the introduction of new trading technologies and the proliferation of high-speed trading, the number was 71%….

“…Big money managers cite several reasons for continuing to keep human trading in their tool kits, even though it costs more than computer trading. They include the bewildering spider web of stock exchanges, concerns about aggressive high-frequency traders, and the downturn in volumes that has made it challenging to complete larger trades. And, in many cases, investors say they value the color on how, where and why a stock is trading that only human traders can provide…”

Michael Wallach, CEO WallachBeth Capital
Michael Wallach, CEO WallachBeth Capital

Noted Michael Wallach, CEO of agency-only execution firm WallachBeth Capital, the institutional brokerage specializing in ETFs, institutional options and a provider of independent equity research within the healthcare sector, “The WSJ article underscored important talking points voiced by a broad universe of investment managers who we speak with, most notably their recognition that while screen-based markets provide context, those markets are not only fragmented, but are 1-dimensional when considering the trading landscape is always 3-dimensional.”

Added Wallach, “Managers who position themselves as fiduciaries should require their brokers to conform to best practices, which includes providing both color and navigation skills away from the screen in order to source true liquidity at the best available prices.” Continue reading

A Rareview View: Small vs. Large Caps: $SPY/$IWM

Below is excerpt courtesy of 07.29 edition of Rareview Macro’s “Sight Beyond Sight”

Small vs. Large Caps

Below are two charts of the ratio of the S&P 500 (symbol: SPY) to the Russell 2000 (symbol: IWM).

The first chart shows the performance of the ratio (i.e. long SPY vs. short IWM) on the top each time the relative strength index (i.e. 14-day RSI) reaches ~70. This ratio is currently overbought.

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

Going back to 2009 there have been ~10 points in time where the RSI reached ~70 (i.e. overbought) using the standard 14-day period. The average gain in the ratio is ~7.7% vs. the current gain at 6.6% off the July 2014 low.

The second chart shows the Fibonacci retracement levels following the GFC. The 61.8% FIB level is 1.2%. That happens to coincide with the average gain (i.e. ~7.7%) of the last 10 times that coincided with a ~70 RSI.

Courtesy of Rareview Macro's Sight Beyond Sight 07.29
Courtesy of Rareview Macro’s Sight Beyond Sight 07.29

We have placed an order to buy $20 million of IWM and sell short $20mm of SPY at this 61.8% retracement level. Out stop is the 76.4% retracement level which is ~2.7% above the 61.8% retracement level. That would equate to a loss of ~$540k or ~50 basis points of the NAV. As a reminder, we refer to 50 basis points as one unit of risk.

Continue reading

A Rareview Macro Strategy View: US Dollar and China

Below excerpt from July 25 edition of “Sight Beyond Sight” is courtesy of Rareview Macro LLC

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

Overnight Commentary Strongly Centered on US Dollar, China, and NASDAQ

  • US Dollar
  • China – Operation Fox Hunt
  • NASDAQ

US Dollar

In the July 16th edition of Sight Beyond Sight we doubled the long US Dollar index exposure in the model portfolio and highlighted a number of catalysts for further US Dollar strength. As a reminder, the current position is long 500 U.S. Dollar Index Futures (Symbol: DXU4) for an average price of 80.4425 (original 80.28 on July 3rd + addition 80.605 on July 16th). We also hold a position of long Dollar/Swiss (USD/CHF) which helps better balance the European exposure in the basket. Collectively, if prices hold the long US Dollar position will generate about ~50 basis points of positive PnL this week.

We do not take victory laps in this newsletter as there are plenty of misses as well. We highlight this to emphasize that a long Dollar position can provide strategies that are lagging in performance with an opportunity to claw back. Additionally, this is an asset class that can absorb large inflows and no one is long in any material way currently.

Here are three most current US Dollar talking points – Structural, Technical and Data.

The consensus amongst paid forecasters with respect to the European structural backdrop continues to build. Morgan Stanley yesterday joined Nomura’s #1 ranked foreign exchange strategy team in holding this view. MS said “There were three main EUR-supportive flows that drove EUR/USD beyond what interest-rate differentials would suggest over the past two years: (1) foreign buying of peripheral bonds, (2) foreign buying of equities, and (3) official sector reserve diversification into EUR. We think all three flows are slowing and will continue to do so over coming months, leading EUR to trade more in line with macro fundamentals.” Continue reading

Hedge Fund Industry Leaders Whispering About Israel-Palestine “Events”

This is a MarketsMuse Editorial Comment in response to a group email sent yesterday by Paul Singer of Elliott Management to his DL. That email sought to raise awareness about both the recent “under-reported” events in France in which 2 synogogues were burned by so-called Pro-Palestinian youth..who are presumably Islmaic fundamentalists, and the broader topic profiling events taking place in Gaza and Israel, and the manner in which news media is “reporting” the topic and the manner in which the US and the universe of democratic countries are “responding” to the issues immediately at hand. Singer’s note was compelling (see below)…our editorial opinion follows accordingly..

“….The international community, which has a significant stake in protecting international air traffic from terrorist rocket attacks, must support Israel’s efforts to stop these attacks—permanently. If Hamas is allowed to shut down Israel’s major airport, every terrorist group in the world will begin to target airports throughout the world. The shooting down of the Malaysian airliner over the Ukraine will be but one of many such tragedies, if Hamas is allowed to succeed. An attack on the safety on Israel’s airport is an attack on the safety of all international aviation. Israel is the canary in the mine. What Hamas has done to Israeli aviation is a warning to the world. In its efforts to prevent Hamas from firing rockets at Ben Gurion Airport, Israel is fighting for the entire civilized world against those who would shoot down civilian airliners. The world should support Israel in this noble fight…”

“….The broader implications of the Gaza War are gradually coming into view. This article deals with an important aspect. While the range and accuracy of the Hamas and Hezbollah missiles have been known to be inexorably improving, the extension of that range to Tel Aviv, Haifa, Jerusalem (in effect, all of Israel) has apparently taken the population by surprise. Nobody could possibly have flown into Israel in the last few decades and not looked out the window at Israel, the West Bank and Gaza and not wondered what the risk was in landing or taking off in such a vulnerable place. And now we know for a fact, and viscerally, that the threat of Hamas and Hezbollah rockets is actually to all of Israel and to the country’s very existence.

And now it is also viscerally clear what the difference is between the West Bank and Gaza, in terms of Israeli military access and presence to prevent terrorist infrastructure from unfettered freedom to build rockets, tunnels, explosives shops. Continue reading

Semiconductor ETFs: Having Sight Beyond Sight; Look Out Below?

Below extract courtesy of today’s a.m. edition of macro-strategy commentary from Rareview Macro’s “Sight Beyond Sight”

1. Taiwan equities were cut to equal-weight from over-weight at Morgan Stanley (Jonathan Garner) on valuation concerns.
2. Morgan Stanley recently cut Asia’s semiconductor industry to equal-weight from over-weight.
3. Maybank, a local house, cut Taiwan Semiconductor (symbol: 2330 TT) to sell from hold. This is currently the only sell rating on TSMC.

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

If it were not for Russian equities falling on account of the new round of sanctions the Taiwan Taiex (symbol: TWSE) would be showing the largest negative risk-adjusted return in equities for the second day running. Taiwan Semiconductor closed down -4.6% last night. Taiwan Semiconductor holds a ~12% weight in the Taiex. This is a dramatic fall as it is not considered a high beta stock.

Compounding the matter further the Asian weakness followed on from Sandisk dropping by 10% after-hours due to a poor earnings release. We are not going to pretend that we know anything much about Sandisk, except that that it makes memory cards, but what we do know is that the professional community leaned very long into this earnings event. Furthermore, this follows the short-covering in Intel (symbol: INTC) that these same investors who are very overweight semiconductors used as a funding leg (i.e. short position) to pay for them. We still cannot believe Intel is/was the most heavily shorted name in the Dow Jones Index given its 35% run higher. That is a lot of PnL pain to endure, to the point where you have to truly believe your longs are going up even higher to make up for it.

The other issue is this profile: Continue reading

Chasing Yield Chapter 3: High-Yld Corporate Bond ETFs v. Bank Loan ETFs

etfcomlogoBelow extract courtesy of  ETF.com and reporter Cinthia Murphy

When it comes to capturing yield in the corporate debt space, ETF investors are showing a preference this year for senior bank loans over high-yield corporate bonds. That preference, some argue, is largely due to what looks like an overvalued junk corporate bond segment, but it is a choice that has its trade-offs.

In a recent webcast discussing his views on the market, DoubleLine’s Jeff Gundlach pointed out that in 2014, he has opted for bank loans over high-yield corporates for that very reason: overvaluation in the high-yield segment. But as one advisor recently asked, “Is there any asset today that isn’t overvalued?”

The S&P 500 is up 200 percent from its March 2009 lows without serious signs of economic expansion; long-dated Treasurys are at multi-month highs, rallying in tandem with the stock market this year; and riskier fare such as emerging markets are in back in vogue. “Overvalued” could be a relative term these days.

Consider two ETFs as proxy for these separate segments: Continue reading

Bitcoin: Now Coming To a Trading Screen Near You?

bitcoin  MarketsMuse Editor Note: On the heels of the recent announcement that the proposed Bitcoin ETF aka “Winklevoss Bitcoin Trust” with slated ticker symbol COIN is about to be bankable by ETF traders and investors, below extract courtesy of Traders Magazine Online News, July 15, 2014, written by Gregg Wirth

Bitcoin, the crypto-currency that initially became infamous as the tender of choice for drug traffickers and mercenaries, may be coming to a trading desk or institutional portfolio near you – and sooner than you think.

“2014 is going to be the year Bitcoin hits Wall Street,” said Barry Silbert, founder and CEO of SecondMarket, a capital-raising platform for private companies and investment funds. Indeed, there is a growing consensus in some corners of Wall Street and the buyside community that the $7.8 billion  Bitcoin industry is going to become the new, flashy darling of investors, with dedicated digital currency funds, venture capitalists and asset managers all chasing after those 12 million bitcoins currently in circulation.

“Digital currencies like Bitcoin are not going away,” Silbert explained. “And Wall Street and the regulators know this, they’ve studied how to deal with it, and now they are starting to understand its potential.” SecondMarket has gone heavy into the Bitcoin phenomenon, launching the Bitcoin Investment Trust, a $70 million open-ended trust that invests exclusively in bitcoins, as well as a dedicated desk of 10 traders who buy and sell bitcoins for the trust and other institutional clients. SecondMarket is also creating what it hopes to be the largest, best-capitalized and well-run Bitcoin exchange in the U.S., and is enlisting banks and Bitcoin-related firms to be exchange members. Continue reading

Bulge Bracket Veteran Enlists With Veteran-Owned Boutique’s International Equities Execution Platform

Mischler Financial Adds To International Equities Team;

Global Bank Trading Veteran Appointed to Senior Role for 24/6 Agency-Only Platform

Immediate News Release

Stamford, CT July 14, 2014—Mischler Financial Group (“MFG”), the securities industry’s oldest investment bank/institutional brokerage owned and operated by service-disabled veterans announced that Eric Michalisin, a close on 20-year sell-side industry veteran and a recognized specialist in international equities execution has joined the firm’s agency-only trading desk and has been appointed, Director, International Equities Sales/Trading. Mr. Michalisin will be based in the firm’s Stamford, CT office and work directly with Managing Director Rob Livio, who oversees the firm’s 24/6 international equities sales/trading platform.

michalisin
Eric Michalisin, Mischler Financial Group

During the 3 years immediately prior to joining Mischler, Mr. Michalisin was Director, International Equities for RBS Securities. During the 7 years prior, he was a senior member of the international equities desk for JP Morgan Chase. Mr. Michalisin began his sell-side career in 1996 as a Far East equities sales/trading specialist for Robert Fleming, Inc and remained with predecessor firm Jardine Fleming Securities throughout 2001.

Noted Joe Digiammo, Mischler’s global head of equities, “Eric’s major firm background, coupled with his unique insight to local market trading, as well as best execution for US-listed ADRs provides our institutional clients with yet another highly-experienced touch-point for those seeking to navigate global equities markets on a 24/6 basis.”

For additional information, please visit the entire news release published today via this link to the Mischler Financial Group website

A Rareview Macro View: “There’s NO Gold in Them Thar Hills”

It was in early 1849 that the director of the Mint at Dahlonega, Dr. M. F. Stephenson spoke from the steps of the mint building in a futile attempt to convince the miners to remain in Georgia to mine rather than to flock to California to chase what might be an impossible dream. “There’s gold in them thar hills, boys,” he shouted as he pointed at the hills surrounding Dahlonega.   

Below commentary is courtesy of today’s a.m. edition of Rareview Macro’s “Sight Beyond Sight”

 

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

Gold is showing the largest negative risk-adjusted return across regions and assets.

The pre-market price in SPDR Gold Shares (symbol: GLD) is ~126.40. The volume-weighted-average-price (VWAP) from June 19th until last Friday’s close is 127.0392.

We use June 19th as the starting point because that is when the IRAQ-ISIS conflict registered its loudest decibel level and Brent Crude Oil made its high and Gold broke above the April-May period.

The technical support levels are illustrated below but the first one was breached so far on an intra-day basis. A move closer to 1300 would suggest longs just became trapped. Continue reading

Markets Mauled Today: A Rareview Macro-Strategy View

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

Below excerpt courtesy this a.m.’s edition of macro-strategy newsletter “Sight Beyond Sight”

Today is the first time in recent memory that investors are waking up to a meaningful gap down in US equity index futures.

By virtue of the fact that S&P 500 futures were down ~1.0% at one point this morning, the 57-day streak with no 1% up/down move in the index level has finally been broken today and that is clearly a talking point.

The other interesting observation for US equity participants is that Russell 2000 futures (symbol: RTAU4) are currently down -2.2%. That is much more than the German DAX -1.6%) and commensurate with the weakness in the Spanish IBEX (-2.5%) and Italian MIB (-2.15%) indices.

Given that investor sentiment is also very fragile at the moment, and despite this being a very immature approach to investing and nearly always misguided, the fact is a 2-3% move lower in the index always triggers calls for a larger 7-10% correction.

Our view is different. Continue reading

Rareview’s Macro-Strategist: 3-Day Trickle Down Rule in Play; Pros Reduce Risk Exposure

Below is the lead-in to this morning’s edition of Rareview Macro’s “Sight Beyond Sight”; the ‘read more’ link below provides additional extracts that caught the eye of more than a few folks who follow macro-strategy themes..

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

Three Day Trickle Down Rule in Play…This is Not Same as Late March Correction

• Conundrum Across Asset Classes Leads to Risk Reduction
• Extra Focus on Front End of Interest Rate Curve and the Left Coast Investor
• Underbelly of Professionals Too Weak…Skepticism Suggest Weakness is Bought

Overnight

We apologies in advance for the deviation away from our normal humility level but sometimes frustration get the better of us.

The definition of the word Conundrum is: a confusing and difficult problem or question. While just a handful of examples, and because no one has a good explanation, these conundrums are leading professionals to reduce exposure levels for a third day in a row.

Brent Crude Oil is now down for eight straight days (during which it has lost ~5%) and it’s traded down in 12 out of the last 14 days. It is a similar trend in WTI Crude Oil which is down 10 out of the last 12 days. However, contrary to what one would expect Airline stocks are significantly lower in price and the correlation between Gold-to-Oil has not swung back to being negative. In fact, Gold is showing the largest risk-adjusted return and WTI Crude Oil is showing the largest negative risk-adjusted return in Commodities and the rejection so far of the profile (i.e. Gold dropped -10% over 45-days) that followed the peak in the Ukraine-Russia conflict has Gold bears nervous, including us who remain short it via a longer dated option structure.

The darling of Emerging Markets, India SENSEX is -2.5% over the last two days but the Dollar-Rupee (USD/INR) is lower by 41 basis points (i.e. weaker USD and stronger INR). Historically, in bouts of risk reduction both SENSEX and Rupee would weaken in tandem. Continue reading

Finra Steps Up Investigation Of Broker-Dealer Order Routing Rebate Schemes; Conflict of Interest Endemic to Current Market Structure

NYSE CEO Says “Not Good” while appearing before Senate on the topic of equities market structure and Maker-Taker Rebate Schemes.

Bowing to increasing pressure from regulators, law makers and law enforcement officials, Finra, the securities industry “watchdog” has launched its own probe into how retail brokers route customer orders to exchanges, according to recent reporting by the Wall Street Journal’s Scott Patterson.  In particular, through the use of “sweep letters” targeting various broker-dealers, Finra is purportedly focused on whether rebates associated with schemes that brokers receive when directing their orders to specific venues is a violation of conflict of interest rules, given that customers presume they are receiving best price execution when in fact, they often do not.

MarketsMuse, the securities industry blog that has long reported about payment-for-order-flow and the unsavory practice in which customer orders are “sold” by custodians and prime brokers to “preferenced liquidity providers,” who then trade against those customers and profit from price aberrations between multiple exchange venues and dark pools, takes pride in pioneering the coverage of this topic.

Now that main stream media journalists are beginning to “get it”,  a growing number of those following this story hope that WSJ’s Patterson and other journalists will shine light on the even more unsavory practice in which these same brokers imposing egregious fees on customers who wish to “step out” aka “trade away” and direct their orders to agency-only execution firms, whose role as agent is to objectively canvass the assortment of marketplaces and market-makers in order to secure truly better price executions for their institutional and investment advisory clients. Continue reading

Go With The Flow? ETF Execution Expert Says This…

Agency-Execution firm WallachBeth Capital’s Andy McOrmond, a recognized expert in ETF order execution for leading investment managers and RIAs appearing on CNBC with his [personal] thoughts as to whether  now is, or is not the time to “go with the flow.”

Talking points: SPY v. VYM…$HEDJ and more..  Click on the image below to launch the video clip courtesy of our friends over at CNBC.

mcormond
WallachBeth Capital’s Andy McOrmond on CNBC

July 4 Reading Material for ETF’ers : A Closer Look at Wall Street

MarketsMuse Editor Note: Below excerpt courtesy of ETF Industry Icon Ron Delegge from his best selling Gents with No Cents is a great teaser for any and all wing-tip types who are looking for a fun read while enjoying the July 4 holiday weekend. Ron’s day job includes publishing the ETF Guide and providing The Portfolio Report Card. (see below for links!)

gents with no centsPreserved deep within a corporation’s bowels is an extraordinary creature unlike any other — the corporate executive. Before you’ve even started your day, he has already been on a three-hour conference call with Asia about a big merger. Before that, he was yelling at Europe while you were tucking in the kids. Most people sleep when they sleep, but he works. The corporate executive is not a lazy man.

In our examination of corporate executives, we must remember to never judge. We must also remember that a stereotype is not a stereotype, especially if it’s true. Continue reading

Black Gold v. Yellow Metal: Macro-Strategy Perspective

As if it were a segment in “Orange is the New Black,” the price correlation between Crude Oil (aka Black Gold) and the Yellow Metal continues to swing like a chandelier in a windy mansion. Below extract courtesy of Neil Azous, from today’s a.m. edition of Rareview Macro’s Sight Beyond Sight summarizes the current correlation in a crisp way…

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

There are two assets being watched closely right now – Brent Crude Oil and the Euro Exchange Rate.

Firstly, Brent Crude Oil is showing the largest negative risk-adjusted return in Commodities. This morning, the “barrel” has broken through yesterday’s low and overall has now retraced over 50% of the Iraq/ISIS move higher seen in June. Below is a regression analysis between Brent Crude Oil and Gold for three time periods related to Iraq/ISIS: Before, Height, and Current.

Gold was trading at its lower point on June 2nd and the correlation (i.e. red asterisk on chart) to Brent Crude Oil was negative. On June 19th, the correlation was the most positive when Brent Crude Oil was at its highest level. Today, the correlation is on the cusp of swinging back to negative territory. We highlight this because the same pattern has been seen before, with the height on March 14th and after the Ukraine-Russia crisis. And what happened next? Gold dropped by -10% over the next 45 days.

By the way, it was reported that assets in the SPDR Gold Trust (symbol: GLD) rose +1.4% to 796.39 metric tons in the two sessions through yesterday. To put that in context, that is the largest two-day gain since November 2011 and it is just one example of the new found retail length in Gold. The other was in CFTC futures positioning which professionals use to gain exposure. Continue reading

Macro-Strategist Says: Funeral Services for Volatility Premature; Second Half Different than First

Below excerpt courtesy of this a.m.’s edition of Rareview Macro’s “Sight Beyond Sight” macro-strategy newsletter.

Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC
Neil Azous, Rareview Macro LLC

“….We start the second half of 2014 well aware that over the last few years the second half of the year has had little resemblance to the first. Over the last three years, for example, we saw major changes from the first half to the second.

• 2013: Taper/no taper whipsaw in US Treasuries and Emerging Market Foreign Exchange
• 2012: Draghi “Do Whatever it Takes” and Japanese PM Abe’s Three Arrows
• 2011: EU debt crisis and US ratings downgrade

Therefore, we remain very open to the argument that something no one is thinking about could surprise the markets. We don’t know what that might be, and we not sure anyone else does either. By definition, it will be something way off the radar right now.

Someone asked us yesterday what our best fundamental reason is for continued US equity strength and low volatility.

Our answer is that conventional wisdom argues that the market is six months forward-looking. Six months from today is the first day of 2015. The consensus S&P 500 operating EPS for 2014 is $119 and with the last price ~1960 the P/E is ~16.5x. The EPS consensus for 2015 is $133. If the conventional wisdom is correct, in that the market is a discounting mechanism six months in advance, that means the P/E just dropped below 15 (i.e. SPX last price 1960 / 2015 EPS 133 = 14.7x) starting today. This does not take into consideration that consensus expectations are too high for next year or that this year could still be revised lower. Even so, the key point is that the argument that the market is overvalued just became weaker.

This is important to recognize as volatility is first and foremost driven by earnings. So unless there is meaningful deterioration at the corporate operating performance level, volatility can stay suppressed as investors remain very conditioned to geopolitical or exogenous shocks, and they don’t have much impact on the market. Continue reading